Yadda Jagora (H) ya halarci Jana’izar Sayyid Nasarallah

Shekarar 2025 ta kasance mai albarka ga kasuwancin zinare yayin da hauhawar farashin ke janyo hankalin masu zuba jari daga ko'ina cikin duniya — daga bankunan ƙasa zuwa masu saka hannun jari na kasuwanci da na ƙananan mutane.

A ƙasashen yankin Sahel na Yammacin Afirka — Mali da Burkina Faso da Nijar inda ake mulkin soji kuma da ke fama da hare-haren masu iƙirarin jihadi da takura daga sauran duniya, zinare ya kasance wata hanya ta samun kuɗin shiga.

Shugabannin sojin waɗannan ƙasashen na ƙokarin cin gajiyar hauhawar farashin zinare domin karfafa mulkinsu da yaƙi da 'yan bindiga.

Ƙungiyar hada-hadar zinare ta duniya ta ce ƙasashen uku na samar da tan 230 na zinare a kowace shekara, wanda darajarta ta kai dala biliyan 15. Wannan adadi bai haɗa da haƙar zinare ta hannu da hannu da ba a rubuta a hukumance ba.

A ƙoƙarinsu na karfafa ikon mallakar albarkatu, ƙasashen sun fara gina matatun zinare da kafa kamfanonin gwamnati.

A Mali, shugaban mulkin soji, janar Assimi Goïta ya buɗe aikin gina matatar zinare tare da haɗin gwiwar wani kamfanin Rasha — Yadran Group — wanda zai samu kaso daga ciki. Haka zalika Burkina Faso na gina tata matatar, tare da buƙatar kamfanonin waje su bai wa gwamnatin ƙasar kashi 15 na hannun jari tare da horas da ƴan kasar.

Sai dai masana irin su Beverly Ochieng daga kamfanin Control Risks sun ce gaskiyar lamari shi ne, waɗannan ƙasashe na buƙatar kuɗin gaggawa don yaƙar 'yan tawaye.

A Mali da Burkina Faso, sojojin haya daga Rasha kamar Wagner Group da sabuwar Africa Corps — ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar tsaron Rasha — na taka rawa a fagen daga, ko da kuwa gwamnatoci na musanta hakan.

Ko da yake akwai ƙarancin kashe kuɗaɗe a ƙasashen Sahel, ana zargin shugabannin ƙasashen da ware kaso mai tsoka na kasafin kuɗi ga harkar tsaro. A Mali, kashe kudin soji ya nunka sau uku tun daga 2010, inda ya kai kashi 22 na kasafin kudin ƙasar a 2020.

Shugabannin Mali da Burkina Faso na yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin jihadi da ke da alaƙa da al-Qaeda da IS. Sai dai ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dan'adam ta zargi sojojin Mali da Wagner daga Rasha da kisan jama'a da azabtar da fararen hula. Haka kuma an zargi sojojin Burkina Faso da laifuka iri ɗaya.

Masana sun ce ana biyan sojojin haya daga Rasha da zinare ko kuma a ba su damar haƙo ma'adinai. Amma fa ba kasafai kudin zinare ke isa ga jama'ar ƙasashen ba. Wasu 'yan bindiga da gwamnati ke yaƙi da su ma na cin gajiyar haƙar zinariya a boye.

Bayan juyin mulki a Mali a 2021, hare-haren gwamnati kan al'ummomin da ake zargi da goyon bayan masu ikirarin jihadi ya ƙaru, lamarin da ke jefa ƙarin mutane cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga.

Kungiyar JNIM da ke da alaƙa da al-Qaeda ta kai hare-hare fiye da kowane lokaci a Burkina Faso a farkon 2025.

Rahoton ofishin MDD kan miyagun ƙwayoyi da laifuka (UNODC) ya nuna cewa yawancin zinare a yankin Sahel na fitowa ne daga ƙananan kamfanoni da masu haƙar ma'adinai da ke haƙowa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, wanda ke ba ƙungiyoyin masu iƙirarin jihadi da wasu gwamnati damar riƙe ikon wuraren.

Yawancin wannan zinare na ƙarewa ne a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) don tacewa da kasuwanci.

Ko da zinare na ƙara daraja a duniya, masu haƙarta da hannu a karkashin kasa ba su samun ƙarin albashi.

Wani ma'aikacin zinare daga yankin Kidal a Mali ya shaida wa BBC cewa ko da yaushe farashin zinare yana hauhawa, amma albashinsu bai ƙaru ba. "A rana mai kyau, ina iya samun CFA 10,000 zuwa 20,000 (kimanin dala 18 zuwa 36 kenan) yayin da kuma riba tana ƙarewa ne a hannun masu kamfanin haƙar zinare.

Dr. Alex Vines, wanda ya taɓa aiki da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a binciken harkar ma'adinai ya bayyana damuwarsa cewa zinare yanzu ita ce ke haddasa sabbin rikice-rikice a Afirka, musamman a yankin Sahel. Ya ce ba kamar diamond masu daraja ba, zinare ba ta samu kulawa daga duniya ba duk da irin tayar da hankalin da ta haddasa a nahiyar.

A shekarar 2003, bayan matsin lamba daga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da MDD, aka kafa tsarin 'Kimberley Process' don daƙile kasuwancin " diamond da rikici", kuma hakan ya rage yaɗuwar su a kasuwanni. Amma ƙoƙarin daƙile "rikicin da zinare ke haddasa wa" bai kai ga nasara ba.

Hukumar London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) na buƙatar masu tace zinare su bi ƙa'idojin da ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa, OECD, ta tsara.

Amma a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), bin waɗannan ƙa'idoji ya kasance da rauni.

A shekarar 2021, UAE ta ƙirƙiri nata dokokin kan haƙar zinare amma tsarin ba wajibi bane. Wannan ya janyo taƙaddama tsakanin ƙasar da LBMA.

Hakanan, akwai matsala wajen gano asalin zinare. A cewar Dr. Vines, "Ba a iya yin gwajin DNA kan zinare kamar yadda ake yi wa diamond saboda tunda farko ana narkar da zinare ne wanda ke sa ba za a iya gane daga ina ta fito ba."

Ya ce akwai yiwuwar cewa wasu zinare daga yankin Sahel na zuwa kasuwannin Burtaniya ta hanyar UAE, inda ake tace ta kafin a kai ta masana'antun kayan ado ko kuma a ajiyeta a matsayin kadarar zinare.

Dr. Vines ya ƙara da cewa tsarin Kimberley ba a tsara shi don yaƙar shugabanni ba, sai dai yaƙar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye kamar na Saliyo da Laberiya.

A halin yanzu, mahimmancin zinare ga shgabannin Sahel da kuma raunin bin ƙa'idojin ladabi na nufin kasuwancin zinare zai ci gaba ko daga ina take. Abin baƙin ciki shine wasu al'ummomi na Sahel na iya ci gaba da biyan farashin hakan da jininsu.